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Understanding the Stages of Cancer

Doctors apply numbers to describe the severity of cancer, and understanding those digits can go a long way toward easing the minds of the afflicted

When a public figure is diagnosed with cancer you often read about the cancer stage. Cancer staging is one way physicians measure the extent or severity of the disease through the body. Staging is also a gauge used when medical experts plan the appropriate treatments for their patients.

"Staging is a shorthand way of describing how far the cancer has progressed," says Kay Washington, MD, PhD., professor of pathology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville.

However, without knowing the specifics of any case, it's difficult to make a generalization about a cancer stage, say medical experts. Although it's easy to assume the worst, it helps to put cancer staging into perspective.

Cancers can be described as stage 0, which is early cancer that is only present in the layer of cells in which it began.

Stage 1 is still early and often curable with surgery, according to Dr. Washington.

As the numbers get higher to stages II and III, the cancer tumor may be growing or the cancer may be spreading to nearby lymph nodes and/or adjacent organs and may require different treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation.

Stage IV means the cancer has spread beyond the original site to another organ and is the diagnosis that causes the most anxiety, sometimes to the detriment of the patient, according to Alan Dosik, M.D., oncologist at New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY.

Patients who are told they're in stage IV often rush to the Internet to get more information.

Unfortunately the generic prognosis can be so dire, they lose hope, says Dr. Dosik.

"Staging is meant to help determine treatment strategies, not [to persuade the patient] to give up," Dr. Dosik says.

He is reluctant to discuss stages because it can depress his patients. In Dr. Washington's experience, however, patients want to know how advanced their cancer is and accept the concept of stages as a way to describe the disease.

Whether or not stages are part of the dialogue, the physicians want people to know that stage IV isn't necessarily a death sentence. Some patients can live a long time with stage IV cancer, if treated appropriately.

One goal is to turn cancer into a chronic disease that is ongoing or recurring, but treatable and not fatal, say cancer experts.

For more information on cancer, visit the government web site: http://www.cancer.gov


Bev Bennett Bev Bennett, a veteran food writer and editor, is the author of "Dinner for Two: A Cookbook for Couples" and "30-Minute Meals for Dummies"

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